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Watermarking

Every rewrite carries a keyed watermark that no reader can see, and it leaves the quality and the voice unchanged. With the key, a school, publisher or platform can check whether Pessoa wrote a text, even when it reads as fully human.

98%
of writers identified from four of their texts.
1 in a million
is the false-alarm rate the test is held to.
0
real human writers flagged, across 600 writers in 4,000 groups.

Detection Accuracy

One text is often enough. Several texts from the same writer make the answer near certain, because the evidence adds up across them.

0%25%50%75%100%12345678texts checked from the same writerReal human writers: 0%60%1 text: 60% of writers identified, no human writers flagged84%2 texts: 84% of writers identified, no human writers flagged94%3 texts: 94% of writers identified, no human writers flagged98%4 texts: 98% of writers identified, no human writers flagged6 texts: 99.7% of writers identified, no human writers flagged100%8 texts: 100% of writers identified, no human writers flagged
Share of writers identified, by how many of their texts were checked. 746 texts from 48 writers, at a 1-in-a-million false-alarm rate. The dashed line is real human writing: none flagged at any group size. The closest any human group came was p = 1.4 × 10⁻⁴.

How It Works

  1. Selective Marking

    Pessoa only marks words where a writer could have picked something else. The facts, names and wording that carry your meaning are left alone, so the mark costs nothing in quality or voice.

  2. Keyed Verification

    The mark is tied to a secret key. Without it the text is ordinary text. With it, a statistical test says how likely it is that Pessoa wrote it.

  3. Secondary Detection

    For text whose mark has been stripped, a separate detector of our own gives a second opinion.

Applications

Writers keep a voice that's theirs. Everyone else gets a way to check.

Schools

A way to see whether Pessoa wrote a submission, even when it reads as human.

Publishers and platforms

Check text at scale with the key, without asking writers to change how they work.

Regulation

EU rules require AI-generated text to carry a machine-readable mark. The watermark is built with that in mind.